To address this research gap, we conduct a comprehensive, technology-rich techno-economic assessment of EV-DESSs and commercial BESSs, comparing their economic feasibility across various grid services. . DOE's Energy Storage Grand Challenge supports detailed cost and performance analysis for a variety of energy storage technologies to accelerate their development and deployment The U. The program is organized. . Abstract—With ever-increasing oil prices and concerns for the natural environment, there is a fast-growing interest in electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy resources (RERs), and they play an important role in a gradual transition. However, energy storage is the weak point of EVs that delays. . batteries housed within storage containers. This setup offers a modu the leaders in the energy storage vicinity. 87 billion by 2025, with a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 20.