Smart networks like IEEE 802.11 based wireless LAN, IEEE 802.15 based ZigBee, IEEE 802.16 based WiMAX, DASH 7, Power Line Communication (PLC), and 3G/4G GSM are required for the reliable and uninterruptible power transmission in smart transmission grid [ 72 ]. In Pakistan, outdated controlling methods are equipped in the system.
In this regard, a smart grid model is proposed as per smart grid interoperability (protocols and standards, release 4.0) in Pakistan's electric network as depicts in Fig. 7. The proposed smart grid model is helpful for the Government of Pakistan in making policies related to the sustainable environment and low-cost energy solutions.
Issues and challenges for smart grid implementation in Pakistan The net income of the power sector of Pakistan is encountering a huge shortfall, the main reason of which seems to be the non-technical losses (NTL's). Human manipulations that are mainly external to the system have only added to these losses over the past twenty years [ 42 ].
Pakistan is also blessed with solar resource. The sunshine starts increasing from January till September. In October there is a little rise and then a drop in the sunshine till December. The annual average sunshine of the country is around 8 h per day whereas the solar irradiation is around 7 KWh/m 2 /day.
Lahore faces power shortages and load shedding due to a strained grid. Solar PV systems offer a solution, but optimal design and data monitoring are crucial. This study aims to design, analyze, and
In this paper, the authors find the smart grid as the best option and shows that how smart grid technology can be implemented in Pakistan and how this technology can manage the integrated
In the report, the communication and control system architecture models to enable distributed solar PV to be integrated into the future smart grid environment were reviewed.
The main purpose of this research is optimal designing of grid-connected microgrid systems for residential and commercial applications in Pakistan.
New modular designs enable capacity expansion through simple container additions at just $210/kWh for incremental capacity. These innovations have improved ROI significantly, with commercial projects
Solar modules should be attached to the array structure either using the mounting holes provided by the manufacturer or via clamps that are suitable for the maximum wind at the site.
In Pakistan, you can find various types of solar inverters, including on-grid or grid-tie inverters, off-grid inverters, and hybrid inverters. Each type is designed for specific solar energy system
Karachi, Pakistan''s economic hub, faces escalating energy demands due to rapid urbanization and industrial growth. Frequent power outages and reliance on fossil fuels have pushed the city to
The model is designed for a pre-existing distribution substation present in Rawalpindi. Results of the paper will help understand the scope of solar energy in Pakistan and hybrid distribution substation
Application areas of flywheel technology will be discussed in this review paper in fields such as electric vehicles, storage systems for solar and wind generation as well as in uninterrupted power supply
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