One big challenge for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is the aspect of short-term and long-term stability. The traditional silicon-wafer solar cell in a power plant can last 20–25 years, setting that timeframe as the standard for solar cell stability. PSCs have great difficulty lasting that long [196]. The instability of PSCs is mainly related to environmental influence (moisture and oxygen), thermal stress and intrinsic stability of, and -based perovskite, heating under ap.
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